Description: This paper outlines the limitations inherent in current actuarial pricing techniques and describes a macro pricing process for product development that can produce optimal decisions in competitive environments. A discussion of the paper follows. From Transactions of Society of Actuaries 1991, Vol. 43.

Description: This discussion seeks to answer what reserves are required for individual accident and sickness policies, looks at the actuary's responsibility for experience analysis, discusses product development and policy change problems, and examines the major current developments affecting individual accident and sickness insurance.

Description: This discussion looks at problems encountered in putting new underwriting standards into effect, looks at trends in the current economic situation which are taken into consideration in underwriting the financial aspects of a risk, and the results of comparisons between the mortality experience under uninspected business with that under inspected business.

Description: This paper is concerned with the fundamental nature of life insurance company earnings. The operation of the policy reserve system as the timing mechanism which determines the incidence of earnings is discussed, and the concept of release from risk is then described. A policy reserve system based on the concept of release from risk is developed, and the earnings which emerge from this system are analyzed from both an actuarial and an accounting viewpoint. S ome specific p o l i c y r e s e r v e m e t h o d s a r e ident i f i ed a s spe c i a l c a s e s of t h e r e l e a s e f r o m r i sk p o l i c y r e s e r v e s y s t e m .

Description: Development of a formula for the continuous annuity ax:n| in terms of the Makeham parameters A, B, and c, and the force of interest. Followed by several discussion papers submitted

Description: This general discussion looks at problems or solutions developed in the field of agents' compensation, considerations leading companies to recent reductions in individual annuity rates, trend to offer first year cash values, increasing demand for the issuance of insurance at ages up to 70 and beyond, and if the SOA should give consideration to elective subjects in the Fellowship exam.

Description: Discusses issues specific to large amount underwriting and the mortality outlook for current high face amount plans.

Description: Without relying on formulas, this paper presents the important concepts underlying the theory of arbitrage-free pricing of interest-rate-contingent cash flows: absence of opportunities for riskless arbitrage, completeness of markets, relative prices that do not depend on individual investors' subjective views or risk preferences, and expected-value pricing in the risk-neutral world. Using these concepts, the paper then describes the steps required to build continuous stochastic models of interest rates, including models that are either partially or fully arbitrage free.

Description: These are responses to Richard Ziock's work, Gross Premiums for Term Insurance with Varying Benefits and Premiums.

Description: This is a discussion from the Dallas Regional Meeting 1961 covering: 1. The extent to which reductions in whole life and term insurance premium rates are due to better mortality, lower expense, higher interest earnings and reduction in company profit margins 2. Graded premium scales issues 3. FIT assumptions.